Assignment 5 Characteristics of the Romantic Age.
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Name :-Heerva Bhatt
Course:-M.A.(Sem.2)
Paper no.:-5 (Romantic Literature )
Roll No.:-11
Batch :-2017-2019
Email Id :-heervabhatt96@gmail.com
Submitted to :-Smt.S.B.Gardi. Department of English, Bhavnagar.
Characteristics of Romantic Age(1800-1850)
Introduction:
The Romantic Movement is marked by the two great events of this time: French Revolution (1789) and the publication of ‘Lyrical Ballad (1798)’ by Wordsworth and Coleridge. That is why many critics think that the Romantic era starts with the publication of Lyrical Ballad. William. J. Long in his book ‘English Literature Its History and Significance for the Life of the English Speaking World’ says that Romantic Age is the second creative period of the English Literature. Romantic age covers the first half of the 19th century. Just as we understand the tremendous energizing influence of Puritanism in the matter of English liberty by remembering that the common people had begun to read, and that their book was the Bible, so we may understand this age of popular government by remembering that the chief subject of romantic literature was the essential nobleness of common men and the value of the individual. This era starts under the region of King George III and ends with the region of Queen Victoria. During this time Steel was one of the best materials of England. During this time machinery and factories also grow up very well. The one aspect of this time is that during this time the New England tried to be frank with the Old England. Still there was a kind of threat of revolution among England not from outside but within the England. The causes of this threatened revolution were not political but economic. By her invention in steel and machinery, and by her monopoly of the carrying trade, England had become the workshop of the world.
England’s wealth was increasing but the problem was that because of that there was a kind of unequal money distribution among the society. Because of machinery the thousands of hand workers were jobless. And the second thing was that to protect the tax (in those days heavy duty) was imposed upon agriculture field especially wheat and corn and bread rose. The situation was that the common men were not able to pay the heavy duty or tax. While England increased in wealth, and spent vast sums to support her army and subsidize her allies in Europe, and while nobles, landowners, manufacturers, and merchants lived in increasing luxury, a multitude of skilled laborers were clamoring for work. So, to fulfill the needs of the house the father have to send his children and wives in the workhouses were they were paid less than they work. They have to work for 16 hours of the day. Because of this in the metro cities there was the main thing and that was the hunger of men and women. And that is why there was the threat of another revolution in England. The condition of Economy as well as the condition of politics was not good during this time. People were not satisfied with their condition in the society. It is only when we remember these conditions that we can understand two books, Adam Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations’ and Thomas Paine's ‘Rights of Man’, which can hardly be considered as literature, but which exercised an enormous influence in England. Smith was a Scottish thinker who wrote about the rights and the condition of labors in society. He says that labors are the source of the wealth of the nation and they are used to increase the wealth of the nation which is unjust and destructive. Thomas Paine's ‘Rights of Man’ published in London in 1791, was like one of Burns’ lyric outcries against institutions which oppressed humanity. All these dangers, real and imaginary, passed away when England turned from the affairs of France to remedy her own economic conditions. England overcomes all these problems during this half century. Many reforms like the destruction of the African slave trade, the mitigation of horribly unjust laws, which included poor debtors and petty criminals in the same class; the prevention of child labor, the freedom of the press; the extension of manhood suffrage; the abolition of restrictions against Catholics in Parliament, the establishment of hundreds of popular schools, under the leadership of Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster these are but a few of the reforms which mark the progress of civilization in a single half century. And that is why many people write this age was again the renaissance time for England.
We can see the repaid changes of the society through the literature or through the art of particular time. And that is why it is said that ‘Literature is the mirror of Society.’ Here also we can see the rapid changes of Romantic age among literature. Here are some basic characteristics of Romantic age:
We can say that these are the highlight characteristics of this age. Through this we cannot measure the whole age. Romanticism is just a concept only. There is nothing to do with reality but during this time the writers tried to represent the problem in more romantic way we can say that indirect way that is why this time is marked as Romanticism.
This period from (1800-1850) according to the William.J.Long is known as the age of romanticism or age of Wordsworth generally the duration between 1798 to 1827 is known as romantic period. This period is considered one of the most creative period in the history of English literature. It brought intense change in the production of literature especially in poetry field.
S.C.Agrawal remarks.....
The close of 18 century is characterized by a dramatic change in the history of Europe. In the period of few years its face, thought and literature underwent a remarkable change.
This change manifested in the fury of French revolution. In the industrial and the scientific. In the literary revolution to which we have given the name of “The Romantic Revival”.
The word “Revival” indicates a written to something which existed in some previous age and in literature. This return is to those romantic quality which were found in the literature of Elizabethan age.
Definition of the of the term “Romanticism”
▪Victor Hugo says:-
“Romanticism” is the opposite not of classical but of realism in literature.
▪ George say:-
“Romanticism emphasizes on emotion rather than reason the heart opposed to head”.
▪ Rousseau says:
“Romanticism” is means the return to nature.
▪ Girerson says:-
“in Romanticism the spirit count more then form.”
■ Characteristic of Romantic age:-
(1). Romantic enthusiasm
(2). An age of poetry
(3). Return to nature
(4). Woman as novelists
(5). Sympathy for the poor
(6). Modern magazines
(7). Element of Supernatural Power
(8). The age of Symbols and Myths
● Romantic enthusiasm:-
The essence of Romanticism was that literature must reflect all that is spontaneous and unaffected in nature and man. In the age of Romanticism ,we can see this independence expressed in Coleridge's “Kubla Khan” and “The Rime of Ancient Mariner”. These two are dream picture- one dealing with the orient and the other of a lonely sea. In Wordsworth this literature independence led-him inward to the heart of common thing. These two great poets,Coleridge and Wordsworth represent the Romantic genius of the age.
● An age of poetry :-
The Romantic age is basically an age of poetry. The previous century the Neo-classical age was largely the age of prose. While during the age of Romanticism the young writer turn to poetry as a happy man o singing.
The glory of this age can be found in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats and Shelly. Romantic poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling. The Romantic poet is gifted with a strong “Organic Sensibility”.
● Women as Novelists:-
For the first time woman took importance role in contribution to the English literature. This age was highly emotion as the woman are more emotional. This spirit of this age gave then the opportunity to expressed themselves in literature. One of the first important woman writer is Mrs.Anne, Jane Austin etc... Her novel become very popular and impress.
● Sympathy for the poor:-
Romantic age was marked by human sympathy and by understanding of the human heart. The Romantic poets unlocked their emotion and feeling and reflected their sympathetic nature certain common subject like a bigger, a country girls, a farmer, a shephered are create in the poetry of Romantic poets.
● The Modern Magazines:-
In this age literary criticism was established by the appearance of such Magazines as
“Edinburgh Review” (1802)
“The Quarterly Review” (1808)
“Black woods Magazine” (1817)
“The Spectator” (1828).
These magazines put their influence on all subsequent literature. These magazines were published the work of certain writers like- Charles lamb and gave the opportunity to every writer to make his work known to the world.
● Return to Nature:-
Again, this is one of the important characteristic of the Romantic Age. We can also say that the whole age is marked by this characteristic. During this age the writer used the elements of nature to satire on the society. Yes, it is true that most of the people think that this was the time when the writers don’t use satire to reform the society. But that is not true the satire during this time was in an indirect way. The concept of Romanticism becomes quite clear here. We think that romanticism is something related to the physical world. Yes, it is but in a wilder way. Romanticism reflects the nature. Nature is which we see around us like trees, plants, birds, animals, and sea etc. and also the nature of Men. It includes both the meaning at a time. Through using the elements of nature the writers of this time tried to talk about the nature of human beings. Wordsworth’s poem ‘Daffodils’ is the best example.
“I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills”
These are just two lines of the poem. But in these two lines also we can see the natural environment created by the poet. When we look at this poem at the surface level we can understand very easily that this is the language used for the common men. I want to give other illustration here that is the novel ‘Frankenstein’ written by Mary Shelly which is the best example of the Nature. Though at surface level we will not be able to find the Nature in this novel but if we analyze this novel in deep then we will be able to find the Natural elements. The major part of this novel talks about the Nature only, because Victor wanted to go against the Nature. The other example of nature I would like to give of John Keats though when he was living he never considered as a great writer. He got fame after his death. And he also died at a very young age. It was said for Keats that he was the priest of beauty as Wordsworth is the priest of the Nature. Here are some lines from Ode to Psyche.
“Yes, I will be thy priest, and build a fane
In some untrodden region of my mind.
● Elements of Supernatural power:-
These are the two lines in which Keats is praising the beauty of Psyche and says that I will make a temple in my mind so that no one can enter in my mind and I will always worship you in my mind as a goddess. So, here these lines become true that he is the priest of beauty. He uses nature to praise the beauty.
“Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;”
These are other lines from Keats’ another ode ‘Ode to autumn’. He was the poet who celebrates the beauty of autumn. That is why he was so criticized by the other writers of his time and especially by Wordsworth.
Again this characteristic takes us to the roots of this time and that is the endless debate ‘Art for the Art’s sake’ and ‘Art for the Life’s sake’, because this characteristic is in the favor of ‘Art for the Art’ sake’. This characteristic is also connected with the characteristic of imagination. Supernatural power means something which as a human being we don’t have or if I say in other words then beyond the human capacity. As above said that during this time people were aware about their selves and the center was also the individuality. So, many writers tried to give supernatural elements to their characters. The poets of the neo classical age gave more importance to realistic descriptions of day to day life. The romantic poets like Coleridge however, concentrated on describing the supernatural world. The whole poem describes the supernatural and mystical experience of the "Ancient Mariner" in a mysterious manner:
This seraph band, each waved his hand:
It was a heavenly sight!
They stood as signals to the land,
Each one a lovely light:
Here again if I give the example of ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelly then in this novel she tried to give some supernatural touch. During those days electricity was the new invention by human beings. Accordingly, Frankenstein abused electricity, a natural force, to stimulate ‘the lifeless thing’ (Shelley 34). By artificially and miraculously bringing his inanimate project to life, Frankenstein leaves the ordinary course of nature and produces something abnormal and supernatural.
● The age of Symbols and Myths :-
With all these characteristics this age is also marked especially for the myths and symbols used by the writers during this time. Human was the center and the symbols and the myths were of the nature of this time. And the symbols and myths were also taken seriously by the people of that time because it suggests many things. We can say that writers used the sugar coated language to highlight the mistakes of the society of that time. Again I would like to give the example of John Keats and his ode ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’. In this ode he uses many myths. According to Keats urn is like time it knows everything the past as well as the future also. He also depicts some people on this urn that some of them are playing flute pipe and some of them are doing their work. He also depicts a couple. According to Keats the lovers are happy as well as unhappy because they will remain there on that urn always but they can’t touch each other and that is why Keats writes that:
“Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter;”
It is a kind of symbol used by Keats to showcase the reality of the life.
Conclusion:-
To conclude, the period between 1798-1832 Romanticism brought a drastic change in the production of poetry. It was remarkably a strong movement, “The Return to Nature” the leading Romantic poets.
Thus the Romantic age gave us nature, love sympathy and inspiration the man found his existence hidden in the heart of others. The man went to nature to take rest and sang the love song of nature.
Name :-Heerva Bhatt
Course:-M.A.(Sem.2)
Paper no.:-5 (Romantic Literature )
Roll No.:-11
Batch :-2017-2019
Email Id :-heervabhatt96@gmail.com
Submitted to :-Smt.S.B.Gardi. Department of English, Bhavnagar.
Characteristics of Romantic Age(1800-1850)
Introduction:
The Romantic Movement is marked by the two great events of this time: French Revolution (1789) and the publication of ‘Lyrical Ballad (1798)’ by Wordsworth and Coleridge. That is why many critics think that the Romantic era starts with the publication of Lyrical Ballad. William. J. Long in his book ‘English Literature Its History and Significance for the Life of the English Speaking World’ says that Romantic Age is the second creative period of the English Literature. Romantic age covers the first half of the 19th century. Just as we understand the tremendous energizing influence of Puritanism in the matter of English liberty by remembering that the common people had begun to read, and that their book was the Bible, so we may understand this age of popular government by remembering that the chief subject of romantic literature was the essential nobleness of common men and the value of the individual. This era starts under the region of King George III and ends with the region of Queen Victoria. During this time Steel was one of the best materials of England. During this time machinery and factories also grow up very well. The one aspect of this time is that during this time the New England tried to be frank with the Old England. Still there was a kind of threat of revolution among England not from outside but within the England. The causes of this threatened revolution were not political but economic. By her invention in steel and machinery, and by her monopoly of the carrying trade, England had become the workshop of the world.
England’s wealth was increasing but the problem was that because of that there was a kind of unequal money distribution among the society. Because of machinery the thousands of hand workers were jobless. And the second thing was that to protect the tax (in those days heavy duty) was imposed upon agriculture field especially wheat and corn and bread rose. The situation was that the common men were not able to pay the heavy duty or tax. While England increased in wealth, and spent vast sums to support her army and subsidize her allies in Europe, and while nobles, landowners, manufacturers, and merchants lived in increasing luxury, a multitude of skilled laborers were clamoring for work. So, to fulfill the needs of the house the father have to send his children and wives in the workhouses were they were paid less than they work. They have to work for 16 hours of the day. Because of this in the metro cities there was the main thing and that was the hunger of men and women. And that is why there was the threat of another revolution in England. The condition of Economy as well as the condition of politics was not good during this time. People were not satisfied with their condition in the society. It is only when we remember these conditions that we can understand two books, Adam Smith's ‘Wealth of Nations’ and Thomas Paine's ‘Rights of Man’, which can hardly be considered as literature, but which exercised an enormous influence in England. Smith was a Scottish thinker who wrote about the rights and the condition of labors in society. He says that labors are the source of the wealth of the nation and they are used to increase the wealth of the nation which is unjust and destructive. Thomas Paine's ‘Rights of Man’ published in London in 1791, was like one of Burns’ lyric outcries against institutions which oppressed humanity. All these dangers, real and imaginary, passed away when England turned from the affairs of France to remedy her own economic conditions. England overcomes all these problems during this half century. Many reforms like the destruction of the African slave trade, the mitigation of horribly unjust laws, which included poor debtors and petty criminals in the same class; the prevention of child labor, the freedom of the press; the extension of manhood suffrage; the abolition of restrictions against Catholics in Parliament, the establishment of hundreds of popular schools, under the leadership of Andrew Bell and Joseph Lancaster these are but a few of the reforms which mark the progress of civilization in a single half century. And that is why many people write this age was again the renaissance time for England.
We can see the repaid changes of the society through the literature or through the art of particular time. And that is why it is said that ‘Literature is the mirror of Society.’ Here also we can see the rapid changes of Romantic age among literature. Here are some basic characteristics of Romantic age:
We can say that these are the highlight characteristics of this age. Through this we cannot measure the whole age. Romanticism is just a concept only. There is nothing to do with reality but during this time the writers tried to represent the problem in more romantic way we can say that indirect way that is why this time is marked as Romanticism.
This period from (1800-1850) according to the William.J.Long is known as the age of romanticism or age of Wordsworth generally the duration between 1798 to 1827 is known as romantic period. This period is considered one of the most creative period in the history of English literature. It brought intense change in the production of literature especially in poetry field.
S.C.Agrawal remarks.....
The close of 18 century is characterized by a dramatic change in the history of Europe. In the period of few years its face, thought and literature underwent a remarkable change.
This change manifested in the fury of French revolution. In the industrial and the scientific. In the literary revolution to which we have given the name of “The Romantic Revival”.
The word “Revival” indicates a written to something which existed in some previous age and in literature. This return is to those romantic quality which were found in the literature of Elizabethan age.
Definition of the of the term “Romanticism”
▪Victor Hugo says:-
“Romanticism” is the opposite not of classical but of realism in literature.
▪ George say:-
“Romanticism emphasizes on emotion rather than reason the heart opposed to head”.
▪ Rousseau says:
“Romanticism” is means the return to nature.
▪ Girerson says:-
“in Romanticism the spirit count more then form.”
■ Characteristic of Romantic age:-
(1). Romantic enthusiasm
(2). An age of poetry
(3). Return to nature
(4). Woman as novelists
(5). Sympathy for the poor
(6). Modern magazines
(7). Element of Supernatural Power
(8). The age of Symbols and Myths
● Romantic enthusiasm:-
The essence of Romanticism was that literature must reflect all that is spontaneous and unaffected in nature and man. In the age of Romanticism ,we can see this independence expressed in Coleridge's “Kubla Khan” and “The Rime of Ancient Mariner”. These two are dream picture- one dealing with the orient and the other of a lonely sea. In Wordsworth this literature independence led-him inward to the heart of common thing. These two great poets,Coleridge and Wordsworth represent the Romantic genius of the age.
● An age of poetry :-
The Romantic age is basically an age of poetry. The previous century the Neo-classical age was largely the age of prose. While during the age of Romanticism the young writer turn to poetry as a happy man o singing.
The glory of this age can be found in the poetry of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Keats and Shelly. Romantic poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling. The Romantic poet is gifted with a strong “Organic Sensibility”.
● Women as Novelists:-
For the first time woman took importance role in contribution to the English literature. This age was highly emotion as the woman are more emotional. This spirit of this age gave then the opportunity to expressed themselves in literature. One of the first important woman writer is Mrs.Anne, Jane Austin etc... Her novel become very popular and impress.
● Sympathy for the poor:-
Romantic age was marked by human sympathy and by understanding of the human heart. The Romantic poets unlocked their emotion and feeling and reflected their sympathetic nature certain common subject like a bigger, a country girls, a farmer, a shephered are create in the poetry of Romantic poets.
● The Modern Magazines:-
In this age literary criticism was established by the appearance of such Magazines as
“Edinburgh Review” (1802)
“The Quarterly Review” (1808)
“Black woods Magazine” (1817)
“The Spectator” (1828).
These magazines put their influence on all subsequent literature. These magazines were published the work of certain writers like- Charles lamb and gave the opportunity to every writer to make his work known to the world.
● Return to Nature:-
Again, this is one of the important characteristic of the Romantic Age. We can also say that the whole age is marked by this characteristic. During this age the writer used the elements of nature to satire on the society. Yes, it is true that most of the people think that this was the time when the writers don’t use satire to reform the society. But that is not true the satire during this time was in an indirect way. The concept of Romanticism becomes quite clear here. We think that romanticism is something related to the physical world. Yes, it is but in a wilder way. Romanticism reflects the nature. Nature is which we see around us like trees, plants, birds, animals, and sea etc. and also the nature of Men. It includes both the meaning at a time. Through using the elements of nature the writers of this time tried to talk about the nature of human beings. Wordsworth’s poem ‘Daffodils’ is the best example.
“I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills”
These are just two lines of the poem. But in these two lines also we can see the natural environment created by the poet. When we look at this poem at the surface level we can understand very easily that this is the language used for the common men. I want to give other illustration here that is the novel ‘Frankenstein’ written by Mary Shelly which is the best example of the Nature. Though at surface level we will not be able to find the Nature in this novel but if we analyze this novel in deep then we will be able to find the Natural elements. The major part of this novel talks about the Nature only, because Victor wanted to go against the Nature. The other example of nature I would like to give of John Keats though when he was living he never considered as a great writer. He got fame after his death. And he also died at a very young age. It was said for Keats that he was the priest of beauty as Wordsworth is the priest of the Nature. Here are some lines from Ode to Psyche.
“Yes, I will be thy priest, and build a fane
In some untrodden region of my mind.
● Elements of Supernatural power:-
These are the two lines in which Keats is praising the beauty of Psyche and says that I will make a temple in my mind so that no one can enter in my mind and I will always worship you in my mind as a goddess. So, here these lines become true that he is the priest of beauty. He uses nature to praise the beauty.
“Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,
Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;”
These are other lines from Keats’ another ode ‘Ode to autumn’. He was the poet who celebrates the beauty of autumn. That is why he was so criticized by the other writers of his time and especially by Wordsworth.
Again this characteristic takes us to the roots of this time and that is the endless debate ‘Art for the Art’s sake’ and ‘Art for the Life’s sake’, because this characteristic is in the favor of ‘Art for the Art’ sake’. This characteristic is also connected with the characteristic of imagination. Supernatural power means something which as a human being we don’t have or if I say in other words then beyond the human capacity. As above said that during this time people were aware about their selves and the center was also the individuality. So, many writers tried to give supernatural elements to their characters. The poets of the neo classical age gave more importance to realistic descriptions of day to day life. The romantic poets like Coleridge however, concentrated on describing the supernatural world. The whole poem describes the supernatural and mystical experience of the "Ancient Mariner" in a mysterious manner:
This seraph band, each waved his hand:
It was a heavenly sight!
They stood as signals to the land,
Each one a lovely light:
Here again if I give the example of ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelly then in this novel she tried to give some supernatural touch. During those days electricity was the new invention by human beings. Accordingly, Frankenstein abused electricity, a natural force, to stimulate ‘the lifeless thing’ (Shelley 34). By artificially and miraculously bringing his inanimate project to life, Frankenstein leaves the ordinary course of nature and produces something abnormal and supernatural.
● The age of Symbols and Myths :-
With all these characteristics this age is also marked especially for the myths and symbols used by the writers during this time. Human was the center and the symbols and the myths were of the nature of this time. And the symbols and myths were also taken seriously by the people of that time because it suggests many things. We can say that writers used the sugar coated language to highlight the mistakes of the society of that time. Again I would like to give the example of John Keats and his ode ‘Ode on a Grecian Urn’. In this ode he uses many myths. According to Keats urn is like time it knows everything the past as well as the future also. He also depicts some people on this urn that some of them are playing flute pipe and some of them are doing their work. He also depicts a couple. According to Keats the lovers are happy as well as unhappy because they will remain there on that urn always but they can’t touch each other and that is why Keats writes that:
“Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard Are sweeter;”
It is a kind of symbol used by Keats to showcase the reality of the life.
Conclusion:-
To conclude, the period between 1798-1832 Romanticism brought a drastic change in the production of poetry. It was remarkably a strong movement, “The Return to Nature” the leading Romantic poets.
Thus the Romantic age gave us nature, love sympathy and inspiration the man found his existence hidden in the heart of others. The man went to nature to take rest and sang the love song of nature.
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